2. Astronomy

NIGHT OVER ONTARIO

These photos were taken by Lynn Hilborn of Grafton, Ontario.
Pictures have appeared on the cover and inside editions of SkyNews magazine and in Sky & Telescope and Astronomy magazine, and as NASA's Astronomy Picture of the Day.

“ Had I the heavens' embroidered cloths,
Enwrought with golden and silver light,
The blue and the dim and the dark cloths
Of night and light and the half light,”
W.B.Yeats



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Thor's Helmet by Lynn Hilborn - Whistlestop Observatory, Grafton Ontario. (Photo appeared in March/April 2011 SkyNews magazine).<br /> This helmet-shaped cosmic cloud with wing-like appendages is popularly called Thor's Helmet. Thor's Helmet is about 30 light-years across. In fact, the helmet is actually more like an interstellar bubble, blown as a fast wind from the bright, massive star near the bubble's center sweeps through a surrounding molecular cloud. Known as a Wolf-Rayet star, the central star is an extremely hot giant thought to be in a brief, pre-supernova stage of evolution. Cataloged as NGC 2359, the nebula is located about 15,000 light-years away in the constellation Canis Major. (Text adapted from Astronomy Picture of the Day)<br /> <br /> 3 hours of Ha, 4x5m RGB each, all binned 2x2. Shot at f10, C9.25 and ML8300 camera. February 6 and 7, 2010.
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Thor's Helmet by Lynn Hilborn - Whistlestop Observatory, Grafton Ontario. (Photo appeared in March/April 2011 SkyNews magazine).
This helmet-shaped cosmic cloud with wing-like appendages is popularly called Thor's Helmet. Thor's Helmet is about 30 light-years across. In fact, the helmet is actually more like an interstellar bubble, blown as a fast wind from the bright, massive star near the bubble's center sweeps through a surrounding molecular cloud. Known as a Wolf-Rayet star, the central star is an extremely hot giant thought to be in a brief, pre-supernova stage of evolution. Cataloged as NGC 2359, the nebula is located about 15,000 light-years away in the constellation Canis Major. (Text adapted from Astronomy Picture of the Day)

3 hours of Ha, 4x5m RGB each, all binned 2x2. Shot at f10, C9.25 and ML8300 camera. February 6 and 7, 2010.

  • Planetary Nebula IC 2448 Hubble Space Telescope data from the Hubble Legacy Archive processed by Lynn Hilborn, March 13,2013.<br /> IC 2448 is an elliptical planetary nebula in the constellation of Carina. Lying near the bright star Beta Carinae.
  • Comet Panstarrs taken March 14 by Lynn Hilborn, beach at WhistleStop Obs,Grafton,Ontario.<br /> Canon 60D with Canon f2.8 200mm lens and Canon 1.4X Teleconverter @ f4.0.
  • Late January 7pm...Orion and Jupiter over the house. Sigma 10mm f2.8 and CanonXs 20 seconds at 1600 iso. Lynn Hilborn, Grafton.
  • Horsehead nebula...Ha 4x30m bin 1x1, TEC140, ML8300 camera. Taken by Lynn Hilborn, WhistleStop Obs, Grafton,Ontario. Nov 5, 2011
  • TRANSIT of VENUS...June 5, 2012. Taken by Lynn Hilborn at Sandbanks Prov Park. C9.25 and Canon 60D.
  • California Nebula...taken with Tokina 300mm lens f2.8. and FLI ML8300 camera. Narrowband image done in Hubble colors. ( Ha bin 1x1 5x30m, SII binned 2x2 6x30m, OIII binned 3x3 6x30m ). Taken by Lynn Hilborn Nov 21 - Dec 11, 2011 at Grafton, Ontario.
  • Zodiacal Light...false dawn. On my shore front at WhistleStop Obs, Grafton,Ontario. North shore of Lake Ontario...skyglow to the right is Rochester NY.
  • Elephant's Trunk Nebula in IC1396. Done in Hubble palette with narrowband filters to highlight emissions of Hydrogen, ionized Sulphur and ionized Oxygen. Ha binned 1x1 12x20m, SII binned 2x2 10x30m, OIII binned 2x2 10x 30m. Total of 14 hours of exposure. Taken by Lynn Hilborn WhistleStop Obs,Grafton, Ontario in July 2011.<br /> Editors' Choice Sky&Telescope magazine Photo Gallery.<br /> TEC 140 @f5.6 and FLI ML 8300 camera with Baader filters, Tak NJP mount.
  • SKYNEWS Magazine Picture of the Week. IC 5070 and NGC 7000 (Pelican and North American nebula) ...SII/Ha/OIII for RGB.<br /> NP 101is and FLI ML 8300 camera. Taken in August 2010 by Lynn Hilborn, WhistleStop Observatory, Grafton, Ontario.<br /> 3 hours of Ha bin 1x1<br /> 4.5 hours of SII bin 1x1<br /> 4.5 hours of OIII bin 1x1
  • Helix Nebula 'Eye of God'. Taken with TEC140 @f5.6 and FLI ML8300 camera. 30 minute sub frames, Ha 5x30m, OIII 5x30m all binned 1x1. Taken by Lynn Hilborn, August 29 and Sept 07, 2011 at WhistleStop Observatory, Grafton, Ontario. Object only reached 20 degrees above the horizon.<br /> Published in Sky and Telescope magazine (March 2012) and SkyNews magazine (January 2012).
  • Markarian's Chain and M87 jet
  • Aurora at Grafton, Oct 24.2011 f4.5 18mm 1600 iso 45 sec.
  • Giant molecular cloud and dust lanes in Perseus. On the left is IC348 a bright young cluster settled in the reflection nebula of this giant cloud. On the right side of this 2 frame mosaic is NGC 1333 and area of star birth surrounded by dark lanes of cosmic dust.<br /> Each frame is 9 hours of exposure for a total 18 hours over 5 nights in October and November 2010. Taken by Lynn Hilborn, WhistleStop Observatory, Grafton, Ontario. NP 101is telescope @f4.3 and a FLI ML8300 camera. Image is LRGB and Ha all binned 1x1. (Editor's Choice ,Photo Gallery- Sky and Telescope magazine; published in Sky and Telescope magazine, May 2011 edition; published as back cover RASC Journal April 2011; Astronomy Magazine 'Picture of the Day')
  • Leo Triplet, M65, M66 and NGC 3628 group of galaxies. LLRGB with4 hours of Lum and 45m each RGB all binned 1x1. Taken with TEC 140 @f7 and FLI ML8300 camera. By Lynn Hilborn, WhistleStop Obs, Grafton, Ontario on March 22,29 and April2, 2011.<br /> Winner of Royal Astronomical Society of Canada 2011 "High-Magnification Deep Sky imaging Award" <br /> Winner of SkyNews Magazine 2011 "Best Deep Sky Digital High-Resolution Image Award"<br /> Editor's Choice, Sky and Telescope Magazine - Photo Gallery and Editor's Choice - Picture of the Week, SkyNews Magazine.<br /> <br /> With permission of Robert Gendler...NGC 3628, M65 (NGC 3623) and M66 (NGC 3627) are a well known conspicuous grouping of galaxies in the constellation of Leo. The tight grouping are all within a 1 degree field in the sky and are physically and dynamically related as all three reside at the same distance of about 30 million light years. The distance between M65 and M66 is only 160,000 light years, the same distance between the Milky Way and its interacting companion, the Large Magellanic Cloud. The distance between NGC 3628 and the other two members of the triplet is slightly more than 300,000 light years. The galaxies exhibit evidence of mutual disturbance suggesting that the Leo triplet is a dynamically bound interacting system of galaxies.<br /> <br /> The two galaxies which show the greatest evidence for a previous violent encounter are NGC 3628 and M66. Distinct morphological evidence exists that are believed to be the telltale signs of this interaction. NGC 3628 is noted for its faint optical plume that extends over 300 light years from its eastern tip and which contains some 500 million solar masses (about 15% of the total mass of NGC 3628). Star formation has been detected within the plume coinciding with the time of the encounter and therefore confirming its tidal origin. Surveys of neutral hydrogen gas using the tracer CO revealed a large bridge of gas between M66 and NGC 3628 as well as a gaseous plume coincident with the eastern optical plume observed in NGC 3628. Simulations by Toomre (1977) and Rots (1978) have modeled the orbits of M66 and NGC 3628 and concluded that these galaxies came within 80,000 light years of each other some 800 million years ago, and that encounter was responsible for the plumes and bridges we see now. In addition the rotation curve for the eastern part of NGC 3628 falls sharply after reaching a maximum which is believed to be a strong signature of a previous interaction as rotation curves typically remain flat or rise in normal spirals.<br /> <br /> M66 also shows some disturbed features believed to be related to the remote encounter. A fossil starburst region near the nucleus of M66 dates to the same time as the proposed interaction slightly less than one billion years ago. The outermost southern gas clouds of the galaxy show a peculiar counterrotation in respect to the inner gas. Even more striking is an enormous gas concentration of about 400 million solar masses within the center of M66. Most likely this gas was accreted at the time of the closest approach of the two galaxies. There are several other asymmetries and distortions observed in the disks of NGC 3628 and M66 at both optical and radio wavelengths which are likely attributed to the previous encounter. Since multiple galactic rotations have occurred since the encounter it is difficult to trace backward the spatial relationships of the galaxies that existed at the time of the encounter.<br /> <br /> In comparison to the other members of the Leo Triplet, M65 appears much more quiescent and stable. There are no obvious asymmetries, plumes or starbursts. One scenario raises the possibility that M66 and NGC 3628 existed as an orbiting bound system prior to the interaction with M66. M66 may have entered by way of "infall" into the small bound system of galaxies during the time period of the last encounter.
  • Rosette Nebula 6.5 hours of Ha taken by Lynn Hilborn, WhistleStop Observatory, Grafton, Ontario<br /> NP101is and FLI ML8300 with 7nm Baader Ha filter. November 11 and 12, 2009
  • Edge-on spiral galaxy NGC891 some 30 million light-years from earth. Taken Nov 8, 2010 by Lynn Hilborn, WhistleStop Obs, Grafton, Ontario.<br /> TEC 140 @f7 (980mm) and FLI ML8300 camera. LRGB L 7x20m 1x1, RGB each 9x5m 2x2.
  • Thor's Helmet by Lynn Hilborn - Whistlestop Observatory, Grafton Ontario. (Photo appeared in March/April 2011 SkyNews magazine).<br /> This helmet-shaped cosmic cloud with wing-like appendages is popularly called Thor's Helmet. Thor's Helmet is about 30 light-years across. In fact, the helmet is actually more like an interstellar bubble, blown as a fast wind from the bright, massive star near the bubble's center sweeps through a surrounding molecular cloud. Known as a Wolf-Rayet star, the central star is an extremely hot giant thought to be in a brief, pre-supernova stage of evolution. Cataloged as NGC 2359, the nebula is located about 15,000 light-years away in the constellation Canis Major. (Text adapted from Astronomy Picture of the Day)<br /> <br /> 3 hours of Ha, 4x5m RGB each, all binned 2x2. Shot at f10, C9.25 and ML8300 camera. February 6 and 7, 2010.
  • Abell 2151, The Hercules Galaxy Cluster...over 200 galaxies some 500 million light-years distant.<br /> Taken by Lynn Hilborn at WhistleStop Observatory, Grafton, Ontario May, 2012.<br /> TEC 140 @f5.6 and FLI ML8300 camera. Lum 1x1 13x10m, RGB each 2x2 12x5m.
  • NGC 7129 (full frame- note open cluster NGC 7142 and some galaxies to lower right)....TEC140 @f7 and FLI ML8300 camera on Tak NJP mount. Lum 1x1 21x10m RGB 2x2 each 21x5m.<br /> 9 hours of exposure. Taken by Lynn Hilborn, WhistleStop Obs, Grafton, Ontario on July 1,3,5,2011.. Editor's Choice, Photo Gallery , Sky and Telescope magazine.<br /> NGC 7129 (NGC 7133) text with permission of Robert Gendler<br /> Distance 3300 light years<br /> Right Ascension: 21 : 41.3 (hours : minutes)<br /> Declination: +66 : 06 (degrees : minutes)<br /> NGC 7129 is a young compact star forming region which displays an unusual patchwork of colorful nebulosity and bright stars contrasted against the dust clouds of the Milky Way. The astronomical correlate of those colors and textures is the rich interplay that occurs between young stars and the surrounding interstellar medium. NGC 7129 contains several bright reflection nebulae including the large blue reflection cloud NGC 7133 and the unusual small yellow reflection cloud LBN497. Also conspicuous in the field are several bright Herbig-Haro objects, the signatures of young stellar objects soon to emerge in the main sequence. The dominant blue reflection nebula, NGC 7133 is illuminated by two young B-type stars BD +65°1637 and BD +65°1638. Both stars are less than one million years old and represent the core of NGC 7129, a small cluster of low mass stars which populate the 36 light year wide cavity. BD +65°1638 is the older of the two illuminating stars and has played a critical role in the formation of NGC 7129. Around 100,000 years ago the ultraviolet radiation field from the young star began to burrow a cavity into the surface of a nearby molecular cloud. As the cavity expanded, a ridge like interface formed where the expanding cavity contacted the molecular cloud, triggering an intense period of contained star formation. The bright stars went on to illuminate the ambient dust surrounding the cluster, forming the brilliant reflection clouds we see now.<br /> The environment of NGC 7129 is a fertile star forming region where numerous young young stellar objects (YSOs) exist. Energetic outflows from several young protostars are the power source for several Herbig-Haro objects which populate the ridge along its northeast and southwest regions. These objects take their name from George Herbig and Guillermo Haro who first described them over 50 years ago. Today over 300 individual HH objects are known. These fascinating objects form when an energetic outflow from an infant star ionizes adjacent gas clouds in the slightly denser interstellar medium. The nascent stars are invisible optically but reveal their presence when they release highly collimated jets of ionized plasma which shock the surrounding interstellar medium. The shocked gases form a small compact emission cloud called a Herbig-Haro object (HH). Typically HH objects are found in active star forming regions. Today well over 300 individual HH objects are known in our galaxy.<br /> <br /> Although NGC 7129 is quite impressive at optical wavelengths, over 50% of the cluster stars are highly obscured young stellar objects, only detectable at infrared wavelengths. Cloaked by dense envelopes of dust and gas that characterize their early evolutionary stage as they contract towards the main sequence, they are mostly invisible at optical wavelengths. There are two major outflow sources within NGC 7129 that likely power many of the prominent Herbig-Haro objects. One source is an imbedded protostar adjacent to the unusual Herbig Be star LkH 234, a highly evolved pre-main sequence star located along the northern ridge. Herbig Ae/Be stars are intermediate mass pre-main-sequence stars analogous to their lower mass counterpart, the T-Tauri stars. An outflow of molecular gas arises from a source very close to LkH 234 and extends out some 26 light years along the ridge and into the cavity, powering several prominent Herbig Haro objects lying nearby to the northeast including HH 105, GGD 34, and GGD 35. The second major outflow source is located along the southern ridge and is known as FIRS 2. This protostellar system is likely the power source of the Herbig-Haro objects in the southwest of the complex, namely GGD 32 and the largest Herbig-Haro object in NGC 7129, HH 103. The ages of the cavity and protostellar objects within NGC 7129 seem to coincide and are about 100,000 years old. edit
  • M3 Globular Cluster, LRGB taken with TEC140 @f7 and FLI ML8300 camera at -30.<br /> All binned 1x1, L 35x2min, RGB each 9x5m. Taken by Lynn Hilborn, April 6,8, 2011 at WhistleStop Observatory, Grafton, Ontario.<br /> <br /> <br /> A superb visual and photographic object, M3 contains about a half million stars and lies at a distance of 33,900 light years, further from us than the center of our galaxy. Photographically its diameter is about 200 light years but its tidal boundaries extend to about 760 light years. M3 possesses one of the densest core regions for a globular cluster having 50% of its total mass within the central 22 light years.<br /> M3 is one of the most studied clusters in the galaxy. It is particularly known for the unusual numbers of variable stars, especially the subtype RR Lyrae variables. These important stars are short period pulsating variables having a period from 0.2 to 2 days. Like Cepheid variables they are luminous and exhibit a close period-luminosity relationship making them useful as reliable distance indicators. Although not as massive or luminous as cepheids, they are useful for measuring distances to Milky Way clusters. M3 contains the largest number of RR Lyrae stars of any cluster with more than 180 identified.<br /> Although Globular clusters are made of ancient red population II stars, M3 has long been known to harbor an unusual number of bluer stars. Harlow Shapely noted blue stars in M3 as far back as 1915. If we assume that globular clusters are truly ancient star systems, how can we account for the presence of young blue stars within them? It seems many of the blue stars are old cluster stars that have depleted their core supply of hydrogen and are now fusing helium to carbon in their cores. These helium burning stars are known as horizontal branch stars as they have left the main sequence in their extreme old age. A subset of this group called blue horizontal branch stars comprise many of the blue stars we see in globular clusters.<br /> A more recent group of enigmatic blue stars found within globular clusters are the "Blue Stragglers" which were first described by Alan Sandage in 1953. These mysterious stars received their name because they appear to be "straggling" away from the normal evolutionary path of normal stars. They are twice as massive and one fifth the age as typical stars in the cluster. There are two explanations for their existence which may both be correct. Most stragglers are found in the densest regions of the cluster center which favors the theory that they formed from collisions of lower mass stars. The other theory proposes that mass transfer within binary systems may allow a star to accrete mass and become a blue straggler. This theory may explain the stragglers found in the outer regions of clusters where binary systems are more likely to survive. Text with permission of Robert Gendler.
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